TypeScript 模块的设计理念是可以更换的组织代码。
模块是在其自身的作用域里执行,并不是在全局作用域,这意味着定义在模块里面的变量、函数和类等在模块外部是不可见的,除非明确地使用 export 导出它们。类似地,我们必须通过 import 导入其他模块导出的变量、函数、类等。
两个模块之间的关系是通过在文件级别上使用 import 和 export 建立的。
模块使用模块加载器去导入其它的模块。 在运行时,模块加载器的作用是在执行此模块代码前去查找并执行这个模块的所有依赖。 大家最熟知的JavaScript模块加载器是服务于 Node.js 的 CommonJS 和服务于 Web 应用的 Require.js。
此外还有有 SystemJs 和 Webpack。
声明与使用模块
模块导出使用关键字 export
关键字,语法格式如下:
SomeInterface.ts1 2 3 4
| export interface SomeInterface { }
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要在另外一个文件使用该模块就需要使用 import
关键字来导入:
1
| import someInterfaceRef = require("./SomeInterface");
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案例
实例
IShape.ts1 2 3
| export interface IShape { draw(); }
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Circle.ts1 2 3 4 5 6
| import shape = require("./IShape"); export class Circle implements shape.IShape { public draw() { console.log("Circle is drawn (external module)"); } }
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Triangle.ts1 2 3 4 5 6
| import shape = require("./IShape"); export class Triangle implements shape.IShape { public draw() { console.log("Triangle is drawn (external module)"); } }
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TestShape.ts1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
| import shape = require("./IShape"); import circle = require("./Circle"); import triangle = require("./Triangle"); function drawAllShapes(shapeToDraw: shape.IShape) { shapeToDraw.draw(); } drawAllShapes(new circle.Circle()); drawAllShapes(new triangle.Triangle());
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- 使用 tsc 命令编译以上代码(Commonjs)(默认):
1 2 3
| $ tsc --module commonjs TestShape.ts
$ tsc TestShape.ts
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得到如下 JavaScript 代码:
IShape.js1 2
| "use strict"; exports.__esModule = true;
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Circle.js1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
| "use strict"; exports.__esModule = true; exports.Circle = void 0; var Circle = (function () { function Circle() { } Circle.prototype.draw = function () { console.log("Circle is drawn (external module)"); }; return Circle; }()); exports.Circle = Circle;
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Triangle.js1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
| "use strict"; exports.__esModule = true; exports.Triangle = void 0; var Triangle = (function () { function Triangle() { } Triangle.prototype.draw = function () { console.log("Triangle is drawn (external module)"); }; return Triangle; }()); exports.Triangle = Triangle;
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TestShape.js1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
| "use strict"; exports.__esModule = true; var circle = require("./Circle"); var triangle = require("./Triangle"); function drawAllShapes(shapeToDraw) { shapeToDraw.draw(); } drawAllShapes(new circle.Circle()); drawAllShapes(new triangle.Triangle());
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执行以上 JavaScript 代码,输出结果为:
1 2
| Cirlce is drawn (external module) Triangle is drawn (external module)
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1
| $ tsc --module amd TestShape.ts
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得到如下 JavaScript 代码:
IShape.js1 2 3 4
| define(["require", "exports"], function (require, exports) { "use strict"; exports.__esModule = true; });
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Circle.js1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
| define(["require", "exports"], function (require, exports) { "use strict"; exports.__esModule = true; exports.Circle = void 0; var Circle = (function () { function Circle() { } Circle.prototype.draw = function () { console.log("Circle is drawn (external module)"); }; return Circle; }()); exports.Circle = Circle; });
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Triangle.js1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
| define(["require", "exports"], function (require, exports) { "use strict"; exports.__esModule = true; exports.Triangle = void 0; var Triangle = (function () { function Triangle() { } Triangle.prototype.draw = function () { console.log("Triangle is drawn (external module)"); }; return Triangle; }()); exports.Triangle = Triangle; });
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TestShape.js1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
| define(["require", "exports", "./Circle", "./Triangle"], function (require, exports, circle, triangle) { "use strict"; exports.__esModule = true; function drawAllShapes(shapeToDraw) { shapeToDraw.draw(); } drawAllShapes(new circle.Circle()); drawAllShapes(new triangle.Triangle()); });
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